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The results were consistent with Factor H interacting with monocytes through the integrin CD11b/CD18. This effect of Factor H also occurred if monocytes were pre-treated with Factor H, and then exposed to C1q-coated apoptotic cells. However, when both C1q and Factor H were present on the apoptotic cell surface, C1q-mediated enhancement of uptake/adhesion of the apoptotic cells by monocytes was reduced. C1q enhanced uptake/adhesion of apoptotic cells by monocytes whereas Factor H alone had no effect on this process. We further examined the role of C1q and Factor H in the clearance of apoptotic cells by monocytes. Both C1q and Factor H bind to apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. In the present study, we confirm that apoptotic cells are recognized not only by C1q but also by the complement regulatory protein Factor H. C1q is considered to be important in this process through interaction with apoptotic cells and phagocytes. Deficiencies in early complement components, particularly C1q, are associated with an increased risk of the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. The PTAC-1P is available from National Target Company in boxes of 100 targets for $33.00.Complement is implicated in the clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Therefore, the PTAC-1P represents an adversary no lower than the belt line.
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The head and torso include 3×4 “X” rings shaped in the same way, to help assess the lateral and vertical dispersion of shots, and for drills in which an additional emphasis on accuracy is warranted.Īlso, because adversaries do not necessarily stand at military “Attention!” when attacking, but may instead assume a fighting stance with the head tucked toward the chest and shoulders forward, the PTAC-1P slightly compresses the distance between the head and center of the “A Zone” accordingly.Īdditionally, because adversaries may wear anything between a T-shirt (or no shirt) and a full-length overcoat, the center of an adversary’s “A Zone” should be estimated relative to the head and shoulders, not the entire torso. Anything outside the “B” zone is unacceptably inaccurate on a stationary target at 100 yards or less.) (The PTAC-1P torso’s “B” zone has the same shape. The PTAC-1P’s “A Zone” is narrower (six inches) than it is tall (eight inches), and has a smaller area– roughly 45 square inches, compared to the roughly 66 and 50 square inches of the comparable zones of the USPSA and IDPA targets, respectively. Therefore, we should be most concerned with the lateral dispersion of our shots. Unlike paper or cardboard targets they may move and, if they move, they’re more likely to move farther and faster laterally than vertically. To improve upon these two targets, I came up with the PTAC-1P.Īdversaries, when standing, are narrower than tall. But its torso “0 Down” zone is round, when its width should instead be consistent. The IDPA’s target is better, especially now that a “0 Down” zone has been added to the center of the head. The USPSA target’s torso “A Zone” is too tall (11 inches), and its head’s “A Zone” is misplaced (too high) and too wide (four inches). For defensive firearm training purposes, the two silhouettes most commonly used in defensive rifle and pistol classes–the USPSA and IDPA run-and-gun sport targets–are less than ideal.